declinar(se)/declinación
English translation: inflect/inflection; interpret/interpretation; OR execute/execution
| 23:01 Jul 10, 2019 |
| Spanish to English translations [PRO] Art/Literary - Architecture | |||||||
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|  Selected response from: Muriel Vasconcellos United States Local time: 16:43 | ||||||
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| Discussion entries: 3 | |
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Answers
45 mins confidence: 
deviate/deviation Explanation: In this case declinar(se)/declinación means derivar, proceder, seguir, desviar, originar, provenir. Deviate/deviation, derive/derivation, originate/origination, arise. |
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55 mins confidence:
inflect/inflection; interpret/interpretation; OR execute/execution Explanation: I understand it to be how they were able to interpret the original sources. I think "declinar" is being used in the Spanish sense of 'inflect'/'conuugate'. See definition of English 'inflect' in Merriam-Webster: 1 : to turn from a direct line or course : BEND, CURVE *in him T snobbery reappeared T as the refusal of reality unless it was highly inflected— V.S.Pritchett* *profound feeling for music has inflected all his major works— Irving Kolodin* -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 57 mins (2019-07-10 23:58:57 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- It can also simply mean how they were able to carry out the designs, as in 'execute'. |
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1 hr confidence:
start / set off / launch / execute Explanation: most likely one of these terms, in the context of architecture |
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7 hrs confidence:
adapt/(re)produce//transpose/create Explanation: produce in different versions/sub-categories |
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10 hrs confidence:
orientate and orientation/decllnation Explanation: A very difficult and technical question. My first impression, when I naively opened the topic, I admit, was that the author was using a kind of idiolect to express an obscure idea unknown to me. But no, not at all. If I am right, “declinar/declinación” are certainly genuine technical terms that need to be rendered accordingly i.e. technically. I think, they both refer to the orientation of the buildings, just to put it simply, churches in this case. The author might be actually referring to the concept of “orientación o declinación astronómica”, which is defined precisely in the first reference below. When I speak of “orientation”, I am hence referring to the alignment of church apses (ábsides de iglesia) in the solar range arranging them close to the east, with a predilection for orientations near the astronomical equinox. My second reference below explains this well. As for your translation itself, if you go with “orientate/orientation” I feel you are clearly on the safe side, but let me add that the technical term “declination” is also used in English. The choice for one or the other alternative, “orientation” or “declination”, will strongly depend on the degree of technicality you wish to give to your translation and, last but not least, the target audience you are addressing to. -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 10 hrs (2019-07-11 09:45:39 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- REFERENCES To fully understand the meaning of the query term, you should read carefully the information of this reference about Romanesque liturgical architecture in Catalonia. http://arqarqt.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arqarqt/article/vi... Topología de la arqueología litúrgica del primer románico del Val d’Aran Topology of liturgical archeology of the first Romanesque of Val d’Aranba (…) LA ORIENTACIÓN, ORTUM SOLIS AEQUINOCTIALEM Tanto las orientaciones de las iglesias como la colocación del altar y la sede, fueron evolucionando desde una orientación de los ábsides a poniente, a una alineación inversa, con el ábside al Este y, por otra parte, desde una alineación del altar y la sede determinada, a la colocación trasladada de la sede hacia la epístola. La cronología que determina las orientaciones de las iglesias se enmarca dentro de lo que se conoce como el primer románico aranés (Vogel 1962). (…) Una parte de la metodología de la arqueoastronomía actual, se basa en la astronomía moderna (González-García y Belmonte 2015). Ambas tienen como base universal, para la comparación de las orientaciones de los edificios, el concepto de declinación astronómica (δ). Este parámetro es independiente de las coordenadas terrestres y nos permite comparar la orientación de las iglesias estudiadas en territorios distantes. Se define como la proyección en la esfera celeste de la coordenada de la latitud terrestre y se obtiene a partir del acimut geográfico real (A), la altura del horizonte (h) y la latitud (ϕ). En el periodo de este estudio, las hipótesis cultas de orientación son la canónica, de oriente a occidente, y la de la Festividad del Patrón de la advocación de la construcción. En cuanto a la primera tesis, hay que tener en cuenta que la declinación de un edificio orientado hacia el orto tiene un rango de coordenadas [-23º 26’, +323º 26’]. Para los equinoccios astronómicos, la declinación es igual a 0°, mientras que en los solsticios de verano e invierno tienen sus valores extremos. Las orientaciones que no están en este rango, no están dentro del orto del horizonte. Para la segunda hipótesis de estudio, la de la fecha del Patrón de la construcción de la Iglesia, hay que tener en cuenta que el actual Calendario litúrgico se basa en el Calendario Romano de Pablo VI (1897-1978), el Mysterii paschalis celebrationem, y no coincide con los calendarios de referencia en los siglos XI-XII; el Martirologio Hieronymianum (s.VI) y, pudiéndose incorporar a finales del siglo XIII, la Legenda aurea de Jacopo della Voragine (1230-1298). Para la determinación de la segunda hipótesis de estudio, la de la fecha del Patrón de la construcción, hay que tener en cuenta el cambio de la fecha del calendario Gregoriano (1582) de la bula Inter gravissimas del Papa Gregorio XIII (1502-1585), con el Juliano existente en el periodo de estudio. La Festividad del calendario eclesiástico tiene que tener en cuenta el desajuste del calendario Juliano con el Gregoriano.[6] El ajuste de los calendarios de los equinoccios en el periodo de estudio (siglos XI-XIII), aequus nocte, era de entre cinco y siete días, donde el ecuador celeste es paralelo a la declinación del Sol. En este entorno, podemos determinar los resultados de la investigación según los datos de la Tabla 3. This reference is also very helpful as it provides an English translation of the key basic terms that appear in your source: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1604/1604.03863.pdf LA ORIENTACIÓN COMO UNA SEÑA DE IDENTIDAD CULTURAL: LAS IGLESIAS HISTÓRICAS DE LANZAROTE THE ORIENTATION AS A SIGNATURE OF CULTURAL IDENTITY: THE HISTORIC CHURCHES OF LANZAROTE RESUMEN La orientación de las iglesias cristianas es un elemento distintivo de su arquitectura que repite patrones desde época paleocristiana. Existe una tendencia general a orientar sus ábsides en el rango solar, con una predilección de las orientaciones cercanas al este geográfico (equinoccio astronómico), aunque las alineaciones en sentido opuesto, con el ábside a poniente, si bien resultan excepcionales pues no siguen el patrón canónico, no son inusuales. El caso de las iglesias construidas en el noroeste de África antes de la llegada del Islam resulta paradigmático en este sentido y pudiera reflejar tradiciones anteriores. El Archipiélago canario representa el extremo occidental de esa koine cultural norteafricana, por lo que se ha considerado relevante abordar un estudio de un conjunto compacto de iglesias antiguas en alguna de las islas, eligiendo el de Lanzarote. Se ha medido la orientación de un total de 30 iglesias edificadas con anterioridad a 1810, así como algunos ejemplos más de época posterior. La muestra indica que se siguió un patrón de orientación determinante en la isla, pero al contrario que la norma encontrada hasta ahora en el resto del orbe cristiano, este prototipo es doble. Por un lado, aparece la representativa orientación a levante (o poniente), pero la muestra tiene además un patrón marcado de orientaciones hacia el norte-noreste exclusivo, por ahora, de Lanzarote. Se analiza el porqué de esta extraña regla, considerándose varias posibilidades desechadas en su mayoría. Encontramos que la explicación puede ser muy prosaica, de forma que, a veces, las necesidades terrenales resultan más relevantes y decisorias que las necesidades del culto. PALABRAS CLAVE: Orientación de iglesias, templos cristianos, Astronomía ABSTRACT The orientation of Christian churches is a well-known distinctive feature of their architecture. There is a general tendency to align their apses in the solar range, favoring orientations close to the east (astronomical equinox), although the alignments in the opposite direction, namely, with the apse towards the west, are not unusual. The case of the churches built in northwest Africa before the arrival of Islam is paradigmatic in this regard, and may reflect earlier traditions. The Canary Islands is the western end of this North African cultural koine, so we thought it would be relevant to study a compact set of old churches in one of the islands of the archipelago, choosing to start our project with Lanzarote. We have measured the orientation of a total of 30 churches built prior to 1810, as well as a few buildings of later times, nearly a complete sample of all the island Christian sanctuaries. The analysis of this sample indicates that a definite orientation pattern was followed on the island but, unlike the standard one often found in most of the Christian world, this prototype is twofold. On the one hand, the representative orientation to the east (or west) is present. However, the sample has also a marked orientation towards the north-northeast, which is as far as we know a pattern exclusive of Lanzarote. We analyze the reasons for this rule and suggest that one possible explanation could be a rather prosaic one, namely, that sometimes earthly needs are more relevant than religious beliefs. KEY WORDS: Church orientation, Christian religion, Astronomy -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 10 hrs (2019-07-11 09:51:59 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- Sorry, I meant "orientate and orientation/declination". |
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43 mins confidence:
modify - change - alter / modification Explanation: My only guess (and maybe I am a bit bold giving a "medium" confidence level) is "declinar" in the "grammatical" sense, extrapolated to architecture. But I think the idea would fit the two examples you give us. Saludos cordiales. -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 18 hrs (2019-07-11 17:41:13 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talus_(fortification) Talus The massive angled additional base to a wall or tower which increased the difficulty in climbing and dismantling the wall by attackers. Larger than a batter. https://www.ancient.eu/article/1233/an-illustrated-glossary-... The more I look at this question, the more I think they are referring to the way the built their walls (with a slant, or slope). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_defensive_walls The Roman walls (see Lugo's picture) had a slant. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_walls_of_Lugo Or even these ones, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servian_Wall I believe that this is the "simplicity" of the matter. |
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1 hr confidence: peer agreement (net): +1
peer agreement (net): +1slant Explanation: may work in some of the places and sometimes "modify" -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 21 hrs (2019-07-11 20:03:03 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- another verb may be needed for some of the other uses, of course |
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