This site uses cookies.
Some of these cookies are essential to the operation of the site,
while others help to improve your experience by providing insights into how the site is being used.
For more information, please see the ProZ.com privacy policy.
German to English translations [PRO] Social Sciences - Psychology / statistics
German term or phrase:hochladende Items
This is a discussion of questionnaires on guilt, and the subject here is statistical analysis. It has nothing to do with "uploading" of data, as to a server, as far as I can see, yet that is the only context in which I find hochladen ("upload"). I can't find "upload" as a term in factor analysis. Am I wrong?
Beispiele hochladender Items auf Faktor 1 sind Schuldgefühle bei den folgenden Situationen: “Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie betanken das Auto einer nahestehenden Person. Als Sie wegfahren wollen, raucht es aus der Motorhaube: Motorschaden” bzw. “Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie denken kritisch über eine nahestehende Person” bzw. “Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie sagen jemandem ab, der sich freut, Sie zu treffen.” Beispiele hochladender Items auf Faktor 2 sind Schuldgefühle bei den Situationen “Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie fahren zu schnell durch eine Wohnsiedlung.
They might be overdoing it a bit. Still, the above quote should make it pretty clear that this is about correlations:
“Die Ladung ist ein Koeffizient (R), der angibt, in welcher Höhe die Variable mit dem Faktor korreliert. Der quadrierte Korrelationskoeffizient (R2) gibt an, welcher Anteil der Varianz der Variable vom Faktor erklärt wird." http://www.diepold.de/barbara/diss/3.pdf
"Faktorladung, Kennzahl, die nach gerechneter Faktorenanalyse angibt, wie hoch der Anteil eines Faktors an der Streuung (Varianz) eines in der Korrelationsmatrix enthaltenen Verfahrens ist; kennzeichnet die Stärke, mit der ein Faktor eine empirisch erhobene Variable linear determiniert. Sie liegt zwischen -1.0 und +1.0 und zeigt damit auch die (positive oder negative) Richtung an, in der ein solcher Faktor eine empirische Variable beeinflußt." https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/psychologie/faktorladung/467...
Faktorladung is indeed factor loading: "Factor loadings are part of the outcome from factor analysis, which serves as a data reduction method designed to explain the correlations between observed variables using a smaller number of factors." https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-research-desi...
"The coefficient of correlation of each variable with each factor is called a loading, and by examining which variables load highly on a factor it should be possible to deduce something about the nature of the factor" http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/7278/jssisiVolX...
I think it would have helped if hochladend had been written as two words (hoch ladend), which is what a few GNS seem to do (cf Google Books). Some RL examples (last sentence includes "items"):
I think this translation, proposed by Gordon, is fine, and will use it, with gold medals awarded to both Björn and Gordon. Alexandra's link is also helpful, for those of us who find it difficult to remember whatever we once thought we had learned about statistics (me).
In this article, the Items are questions in a questionnaire, and I don't think they can be replaced by "Faktoren." Here's the sentence before what I quoted: "Faktor 1 ist als “Schuld aus zwischenmenschlicher Verantwortung und Rücksichtnahme” (13 Items) zu bezeichnen, Faktor 2 als “Schuld aus Moral-/Normverletzung und Risikoaversion” (9 Items)." And here's what Wikipedia says about "Item" in this research context: "bei der Datenerhebung eines von mehreren Merkmalen einer Untersuchungseinheit, siehe statistische Variable; Psychologische Diagnostik: einzelne Testfrage oder Testaufgabe in einem Test; Experimentelle Psychologie: Reiz, der bei Probanden eine spezifische Reaktion auslöst, die ausgewertet wird; in der Informatik ein Feld eines Datensatzes, siehe Datenfeld." // PS - It seems that this Wikipedia entry no longer exists (I had copied into my glossary), but here's a link that quotes from it: http://dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr/item/de-de/
As for the whole adverb-adjective thing, I got ahead of myself there.
Present participles are a horse of a different color (in all of the examples I gave I used a past participle), e.g., weitreichend = wide-ranging, similar to what you said.
I better not open this can of worms, as I think we now have a compromise everybody could live with. Also, I have a feeling there's no straightforward answer to this.
To your second point: No, I meant the exact opposite, e.g., that ENS used it first. It's the reason for the odd choice in German. Yes, it still looks weird to me, really weird, so it could be translation from a totally different language, though I wouldn't know which one.
It did occur to me that "highly-loading" would be a possibility - it just seems rather a mouthful to me as a native English speaker.
Although I would translate "hochladende Items" as "high-loading variables", the whole phrase "Beispiele hochladender Items auf Faktor 1..." would probably best be translated as follows: "Examples of items which have high loadings on factor 1 ..."
I suspect that you may be right about the terminology originating with non-native English speakers (or translators who are having to work too quickly?). I would be more inclined to talk about factors (or variables) which weigh heavily on other factors. One could also talk about particular factors carrying more weight.
I don't like the term "item" in this context. To my mind, an item is an object, usually physical, e.g. an item of luggage, which is not normally variable, although I suppose an item of luggage may vary in weight, depending on how many books I've packed into it. Perhaps this is a useful metaphor?
If you don't want to use the verb, may I suggest you use one of the following options: "They also indicate that the items in this version, and perhaps other long versions, are not sufficient to define robust latent constructs: more items with high loadings..." https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/9949/1/1477-752...
The second example in particular may work well in this context; I'm still wary of "auf," so I think, for the sake of clarity, you could use a relative clause.
Should have been grading adverb, not adjective, but I'll remove this bit for now because I need to think about this some more. However, my suggestion is verb-based; it's not an adjective.
First off, I appreciate the sentiment (and your post in general).
Nevertheless, I don't agree with high-loading.
1) What I posted can easily be found on UK and US websites and is used by, for example, IBM's SPSS and the University of California. I did a quick check for high-loading, but most (if not all) of the documents I found seem to have been written by non-ENS. I can't prove it yet, but I actually think the term originated in the English-speaking parts of the world and not the other way around.
2) How do you incorporate high-loading into Susan's sentence?
It says, "Beispiele hochladender Items auf Faktor 1..."
It's the items we're talking about, not the factor. Are you suggesting "high-loading on a factor"?
[Edit: I might add something later in another post.]
...I'm sorry about that. At least you still got electricity, right? Not like these poor Californians...
As for what it sounds like, hochladend doesn't sound like German to me either =)
Here are another two UK links, by the way. British Pain Society: "Catastrophizing does load on a general factor of pain distress, along with anxiety, depression, pain interference, pain intensity, etc. (Mounce et al 2010, Campbell et al 2013) and clearly shares variance with them, and with mood in pain-free respondents, but proponents argue that it does not load highly enough to be subsumed by them,..." https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/system/files/FPM-outcome-measures-201...
To post this as an answer would not be fair to Björn, who has done all the spade work. Nevertheless, I want to point out that "hochladend" is an adjective and "Item" a noun. I would therefore translate "hochladende Items" as "high-loading factors".
No, I vanished because our internet service provider's fiber-optic cables broke somehow, and there was no internet service for some six hours. Thanks, Björn, for all your research. "Load highly on" does not sound like English to me, but then it's statistics, so that is not exactly surprising. I'll close the question when the required 24 hours are up.
Susan, does this help (p. 35): "Die Ladung ist ein Koeffizient (R), der angibt, in welcher Höhe die Variable mit dem Faktor korreliert. Der quadrierte Korrelationskoeffizient (R2) gibt an, welcher Anteil der Varianz der Variable vom Faktor erklärt wird." http://www.diepold.de/barbara/diss/3.pdf
"Faktorladung, Kennzahl, die nach gerechneter Faktorenanalyse angibt, wie hoch der Anteil eines Faktors an der Streuung (Varianz) eines in der Korrelationsmatrix enthaltenen Verfahrens ist; kennzeichnet die Stärke, mit der ein Faktor eine empirisch erhobene Variable linear determiniert. Sie liegt zwischen -1.0 und +1.0 und zeigt damit auch die (positive oder negative) Richtung an, in der ein solcher Faktor eine empirische Variable beeinflußt." https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/psychologie/faktorladung/467...
They might be overdoing it a bit. Still, the above quote should make it pretty clear that this is about correlations:
“Die Ladung ist ein Koeffizient (R), der angibt, in welcher Höhe die Variable mit dem Faktor korreliert. Der quadrierte Korrelationskoeffizient (R2) gibt an, welcher Anteil der Varianz der Variable vom Faktor erklärt wird." http://www.diepold.de/barbara/diss/3.pdf
"Faktorladung, Kennzahl, die nach gerechneter Faktorenanalyse angibt, wie hoch der Anteil eines Faktors an der Streuung (Varianz) eines in der Korrelationsmatrix enthaltenen Verfahrens ist; kennzeichnet die Stärke, mit der ein Faktor eine empirisch erhobene Variable linear determiniert. Sie liegt zwischen -1.0 und +1.0 und zeigt damit auch die (positive oder negative) Richtung an, in der ein solcher Faktor eine empirische Variable beeinflußt." https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/psychologie/faktorladung/467...
Faktorladung is indeed factor loading: "Factor loadings are part of the outcome from factor analysis, which serves as a data reduction method designed to explain the correlations between observed variables using a smaller number of factors." https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-research-desi...
"The coefficient of correlation of each variable with each factor is called a loading, and by examining which variables load highly on a factor it should be possible to deduce something about the nature of the factor" http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/7278/jssisiVolX...
I think it would have helped if hochladend had been written as two words (hoch ladend), which is what a few GNS seem to do (cf Google Books). Some RL examples (last sentence includes "items"):