Craniofacial morphology was determined by the vertical growth coefficient (VERT) index, which is the arithmetic mean of the difference between five cephalometric measures (facial axis, anterior lower facial height, mandibular plane, mandibular arch, and facial depth) divided by the standard deviation [22]. The craniofacial morphology of each subject was classified as: dolichofacial (below -0.5), mesofacial (between -0.49 and +0.49), and brachyfacial (above +0.5) (Figure 1).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4970506/