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German to English: Erwin Ammann Detailed field: History
Source text - German Erwin Ammann (* 22. Oktober 1916 in Würzburg; † 27. Dezember 2000 ebenda) war ein deutscher Politiker (CSU). Er war von 1946 bis 1950 Abgeordneter im Landtag von Bayern.
Leben
Ammann absolvierte eine Ausbildung an der Berufsschule für Elektrotechnik im Bereich des Telegraphenbau- und Fernmeldehandwerks in Nürnberg. Er war Jugendführer der Bündische Jugend und wurde 1934 aus politischen Gründen verhaftet. Im Jahr 1935 machte er die ersten Auslandsreisen mit der Jugendgruppe nach Österreich und 1937 nach Italien. Da er nicht in die NSDAP eintreten wollte, wurde er bei der Verwaltung ständige zurückgestellt. Deshalb kündigte er seinen Dienstvertrag bei der Reichspost und holte auf einer Privatschule die Mittlere Reife nach. Anschließend besuchte er die höhere technische Staatslehranstalt in Nürnberg. Im Jahr 1941 wurde er von der Wehrmacht eingezogen und kämpfte bis 1945 als Soldat im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Nach seiner Rückkehr wurde er Mitbegründer der CSU in Unterfranken.
Politik
Im Jahr 1946 wurde Ammann Mitglied des Stadtrats in Würzburg und zudem jüngstes Mitglied der Landtagsfraktion der CSU in Bayern. Ab 1947 war er Landrat des Landkreises Ochsenfurt. Bei der Wahl 1946 zum ersten bayrischen Landtag zog er im Wahlkreis Unterfranken ins Parlament ein, dem er nur in dieser Legislaturperiode angehörte. Ammann war Mitglied im Ausschuss für Fragen des Beamtenrechts und der Besoldung und im Ausschuss für Rechts- und Verfassungsfragen. Außerdem war er Mitglied im Unterausschuss des Verfassungsausschusses - Wahlkreise.
Translation - English Erwin Ammann (22nd October 1916, Würzburg - 27th December 2000) was a German politician and member of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria. Between 1946 and 1950 he was a member of the Landtag of Bavaria.
Life
Ammann studied at Nuremburg's school of technical engineering, specialising in telegraph construction and telecommunications. He was youth leader for the Bündische Jugend (a German equivalent of the Scouts) and was arrested for political reasons. In 1935, he undertook the youth group's first trips abroad, firstly to Austria, and subsequently Italy in 1937. His career often suffered due to desire not to join the National Socialist Party because of which he terminated his contract at the Reichspost to complete his secondary school education at a private school. He consequently continued his studies at a state technical institute in Nuremberg. He was drafted into the Wehrmacht in 1941 and served as a soldier fighting in the war until 1945. After returning to civilian life, he became one of the CSU's co-founders in Lower Franconia.
Political Career
In 1946 Ammann become a member of Würzburg's town council, as well as the youngest member of the CSU's parliamentary group in Bavaria. From 1947, he was the executive for the district of Ochsenfurt. In the 1946 elections for the first Bavarian Landtag, he won a seat in the district Upper Franconia, whose electoral district he had previously become a member of. Ammann was a member of the Committee on questions of civil service law and the salary and the Committee on Legal and Constitutional issues. He was also a member of the subcommittee of the Constitutional Committee for electoral districts.
German to English: Battle of Breslau Detailed field: History
Source text - German Am 22. November 1757 kam es während des Siebenjährigen Krieges zur Schlacht bei Breslau (auch Schlacht an der Lohe) zwischen Preußen und Österreich.
Ausgangslage
Während der preußische König Friedrich II. 1757 noch in Sachsen operierte, sollte der Herzog von Braunschweig-Bevern mit 32.000 Mann Schlesien decken. Dies stellte sich bald als schwierige Aufgabe heraus, musste er sich doch einer österreichischen Übermacht stellen. Prinz Karl und Leopold Joseph Graf Daun führten die Hauptarmee mit 54.000 Mann. Zudem konnte noch das Korps unter Franz Leopold von Nádasdy mit 28.000 Mann herangezogen werden. Die Österreicher wollten trotz ihrer Überlegenheit zunächst eine Schlacht vermeiden. Vielmehr sollte die Hauptarmee die Preußen binden, damit Nádasdys Truppen die Festung Schweidnitz erobern konnten. Schweidnitz war eine Schlüsselstellung, um den Nachschub von Böhmen nach Schlesien zu sichern.
Nachdem das Korps Nádasdy auf 43.000 Mann verstärkt wurde, schlossen die Österreicher Schweidnitz am 14. Oktober ein. Zur Übergabe kam es dann bereits am 13. November. Bislang hatte Bevern die österreichische Hauptarmee in Schach gehalten. Diese wurde nun durch die Vereinigung mit dem Korps Nádasdy erheblich verstärkt.
Aufgrund dieser Verstärkung gab die österreichische Heeresleitung ihre defensive Haltung auf und entschied sich für einen sofortigen Angriff auf die Preußen. Breslau sollte also vor dem Eintreffen der preußischen Hauptmacht genommen werden, damit diese nicht ihr Winterquartier in Schlesien beziehen könnte.
Die Preußen verfügten über 40 Bataillone und 102 Schwadronen (zusammen 28.400 Mann). Die österreichische Armee bestand aus 96 Bataillonen, 93 Grenadier-Kompanien, 141 Schwadronen und 228 Geschützen (zusammen 83.606 Mann).
Schlachtverlauf
Karl Alexander von Lothringen griff die preußischen Truppen am 22. November vor den Toren Breslaus zwischen den Dörfern Kosel und Gräbschen an und eröffnete die Schlacht mit einer Kanonade. Die Preußen hatten sich in den umliegenden Dörfern verschanzt, wurden dann an drei Punkten angegriffen. Nachdem die Österreicher die ersten Dörfer erobern konnten, besetzten sie sie mit Haubitzen und intensivierten ihre Kanonade noch. Der Herzog von Braunschweig-Bevern sammelte noch einmal zehn Regimenter und startete einen Gegenangriff. Es begann ein zähes und blutiges Ringen um die Dörfer, wobei die Preußen gegen die österreichische Übermacht durchaus Erfolge zu verzeichnen hatten. Ob Bevern sich nicht eines erneuten Angriffs am nächsten Tag aussetzen wollte oder ob der plötzlich einsetzende Rückzug ohne Befehl geschah, wurde nie geklärt; jedenfalls wurde Prinz Karl das Schlachtfeld überlassen. Die Preußen gingen über Breslau nach Glogau zurück.
Die fast den ganzen Tag dauernde Schlacht kostete die Österreicher 5.723 Mann, die Preußen 6.350 Mann.
Auswirkungen
Nach dem Abzug der preußischen Armee blieben 10 Bataillone unter General Johann Georg von Lestwitz in der Festung Breslau zurück. Die Österreicher richteten sich sofort auf die Belagerung ein; die Leitung der Operation übernahm General Nádasdy. Die österreichisch gesinnte Stadtbevölkerung Breslaus erschwerte die preußische Verteidigung. So bedrängten Bürger Lestwitz, die Festung zu räumen; zudem halfen sie preußischen Fahnenflüchtlingen.
Die Moral der Preußen war aufgrund der Niederlage in der Feldschlacht und dem hohen Anteil zum Dienst gepresster Soldaten sehr gering. Die Disziplin löste sich nahezu auf. Lestwitz kapitulierte daher in der Nacht zum 25. November gegen freien Abzug. Von den 4.227 preußischen Soldaten traten jedoch nur 599 Mann den Marsch gen Glogau an, der Rest entfloh dem verhassten Militärdienst.
Friedrich II. musste seine Feldzugpläne aufgrund dieser Ereignisse vollkommen ändern. Er blieb jedoch entschlossen, die österreichische Armee anzugreifen, um ihr Schlesien wieder zu entreißen. Preußen war auf die finanziellen Leistungen Schlesiens sowie auf das Menschenpotenzial für künftige Rekrutierungen angewiesen, um den Krieg weiterhin fortführen zu können.
Translation - English Background
In 1757 the Prussian king, Fredrick II, was still active in Saxony. During this time, the duke of Brunswick-Bevern was supposed to cover Silesia with a force of 32,000 troops. This soon turned out to be a difficult task as he had to face the superior Austrian forces, whose main army of 54,000 troops was led by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine and Count Leopold Joseph von Daun. The corps of 28,000 troops under Franz Leopold von Nádasdy was also able to advance to the front. Despite their overwhelming superiority, the Austrians wanted to initially avoid a battle. The main army's role was supposed to be tying up the Prussians thereby allowing Nádasdy’s forces to take the fortress of Schweidnitz, which was a key position ensuring the flow of supplies Bohemia to Silesia.
After Nádasdy’s corps had been reinforced bringing its size up to 43,000 troops, the Austrians surrounded Schweidnitz on the 14th October. The handover then took place on the 13th November. Until then, Bevern had managed to keep the main Austrian army engaged in battle. However, after joining Nádasdy’s corps it had been considerably strengthened.
As a direct result of the additional reinforcements, the Austrian army command gave up their position and decided to launch an immediate attack on the Prussians; their intention was to take Breslau should before the arrival of the main Prussian forces so that they would be unable to winter in Silesia.
The Prussians had over 40 battalions and 102 squadrons at their disposal (totalling 28,400 troops). The Austrian army, however, consisted of 96 battalions, 93 grenadier companies, 141 squadrons and 228 artillery pieces (totalling 83.606 troops).
Course of battle
Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine attacked the Prussian forces on the 22nd November outside the gates of Breslau, between the villages of Kosel und Gräbschen, launching the battle with a cannonade. The Prussians, who had taken up fortified positions in the surrounding villages, were then attacked at three separate points. After the Austrians were able to conquer the first few villages, they manned them with howitzers and intensified their cannonade, after which the duke of Brunswick-Bevern gathered ten regiments together and began a counter-attack. A tough, bloody struggle for the villages began, in which the Prussians were able to score several decisive successes against the superior Austrian forces. It has never been established whether Bevern wanted to lead another counter-attack the next day or whether the retreat. Nevertheless, the Prussians did retreat, which seemed to have begun suddenly as if on cue, whether it had been ordered or not. The battle field was consequently abandoned to Prince Charles and the Prussians went back to Glogau via Breslau.
The battle, which had lasted almost the entire day, cost the Austrians 5,723 men and the Prussians 6,350 men.
Results
Following the withdrawal of the Prussian army, 10 battalions under General Johann Georg von Lestwitz remained behind in the fortress of Breslau. The Austrians immediately laid siege under the direction of General Nádasdy. The Austrian minded population of Breslau made the Prussians’ defence very difficult as not only did Breslau’s citizens pressure Lestwitz to vacate the fortress but they also aided any Prussian deserters.
The Prussians’ moral was extremely low due to the defeat in the battlefield and the high proportion of conscripts serving in the army. Discipline almost collapsed. Lestwitz therefore surrendered on the night of the 25th November on condition of being allowed to withdraw unhindered. Out of the 4,227 Prussian soldiers, only 599 of them began the march to Glogau. The rest fled the military service which they so despised.
Due to these events, Fredrick II. was forced to completely change his campaign plans. However, he remained determined to attack the Austrian army to tear Silesia away from them. In order to continue the war, Prussia had to rely on Silesia both financially and as a source of future recruitment of troops.
French to English: Château d'Artigny General field: Art/Literary
Source text - French Le Château d'Artigny est un château construit entre 1919 et 1928 sur la commune de Montbazon en Indre-et-Loire.
Les premiers châteaux successifs
Edifié durant la guerre de Cent Ans, le Château d'Artigny était intégré au système de défense établi le long de l'Indre autour du Donjon de Montbazon (Indre-et-Loire) dont il était un bastion avancé
Il fut démoli en 1769 par son propriétaire, Joseph Testard de Bournais, trésorier du Roi, qu'il remplaça par une demeure qui fut épargnée par la Révolution puis remaniée au cours du XIXe siècle.
François Coty
C'est le 30 juillet 1912 que Joseph Spoturno, dit François Coty (Ajaccio, 3 mai 1874 - Louveciennes, 24 ou 25 juillet 1934), célèbre et richissime parfumeur, patron de presse et homme politique surnommé « Le Mussolini français » - conseiller général de Bastia, et maire d'Ajaccio sa ville natale en 1931 - acheta le château.
Séduit par le site lors d'un voyage en Touraine, mais jugeant l'édifice mal posé sur la falaise dominant l'Indre, il le fait démolir pour construire 12 mètres plus loin et sur des fondations différentes l'actuel château, long de 60 mètres large de 18 et haut de 27, copie conforme - moins deux fenêtres à chaque niveau - de celui de Champlâtreux, bâti par l'architecte Jean-Michel Chevotet de 1751 à 1757, ainsi qu'une chapelle copiée quoique « réduite au quart » de celle du château de Versailles, reliée par un passage souterrain à une crypte prévue pour sa famille.
De 1919 à 1928, date de la fin partielle de ce chantier d'envergure, Coty, « voulant montrer que la France moderne était capable d'oeuvrer aussi bien que la France monarchique », y employa 150 personnes, architectes, maîtres-d'œuvre, sculpteurs, ciseleurs, mosaïstes, peintres, artisans et ouvriers. Le sculpteur officiel Denys Puech (1854-1942) Prix de Rome, réalisa une allégorie de style XVIIIème sur le tympan du fronton de l'avant-corps central sur la vallée de l'Indre.
Cette demeure somptueusement décorée et meublée comprenait quatre appartements de maître, une centrale électrique, un système d'air conditionné, des ateliers de tailleur et de bottier, un salon de coiffure, une chambre froide réservée aux fourrures de Madame, une "roberie" ou dressing équipée de 78 placards...
De 1929 à 1934, date de sa mort dans sa résidence de Louveciennes acquise en 1923, il vécut en famille à Artigny six mois par an, servi par 40 domestiques et plusieurs gardes-du-corps dans ce domaine de 1.300 hectares d'un seul tenant comprenant 7 kilomètres de rivière, des jardins à la française, des serres à orchidées, plusieurs fermes, trois moulins, un pavillon de chasse, un presbytère et des bâtiments d'école désaffectés.
Le bureau de « Monsieur de Montbazon », au premier étage, trônait dans une pièce circulaire surmontée d'une coupole au plafond peint d'une fresque en trompe-l'oeil par Charles Hoffbauer (1875-1957), Grand Prix de Rome 1924, représentant un bal costumé au château avec famille et amis parmi lesquels on reconnait son gendre Paul Dubonnet en Pierrot un verre à la main, les actrices Marie Marquet, Edwige Feuillère, Cécile Sorel, les danseurs et maîtres de ballet Serge Lifar et Serge Diaghilev, le peintre Foujita, le Maharadja de Khapurtala, l'Aga Khan.
Après Coty
Les 30 novembre et 1er décembre 1936, les collections d'art du parfumeur, dont la fortune avait été fortement entamée par le krach boursier de 1929, un train de vie princier, son divorce désastreux et le côût de son journal politique L'Ami du Peuple, « réunies au château du Puy d'Artigny et au pavillon Du Barry à Louveciennes » sont vendues aux enchères en 124 lots à la Galerie Charpentier à Paris2.
A sa mort, le château avait été placé sous séquestre sur ordre de ses nombreux créanciers.
En 1940, à l'heure où la capitale française est repliée à Tours, le château, abri potentiel indiqué par un aide de camp montbazonnais de l'amiral Darlan, est successivement occupé par le Ministère de la Marine, reste vide quelques mois, puis en 1941, puis par les troupes allemandes jusqu'en 1942, - qui le font camoufler par une peinture d'un brun « terre de Sienne » - enfin jusqu'en 1946 par une annexe pour les grands blessés de l'Hôpital de Tours.
En 1947 sa famille en reprend possession, et plusieurs propositions d'achat lui sont présentées; les projets d'en faire le siège du Conseil Général d'Indre-et-Loire ou une colonie de vacances demeurent sans suite, et les héritiers commencent à démembrer l'immense domaine.
Enfin en 1959 sa fille Christiane vend pour 29 millions de francs à René Traversac, ancien petit Chanteur à la Croix de Bois, devenu photographe de mariages, puis ingénieur des Arts et Métiers et enfin hôtelier, parisien amoureux des vieilles pierres - déjà propriétaire d'un prieuré Renaissance à Chênehutte-les-Tuffeaux (Saumurois), dont il fit son premier « château-hôtel » - le château vide, la chapelle, le pavillon de chasse, les communs et un moulin, sur 29 hectares, dernier morceau du domaine montbazonnais des Coty.
Après 2 ans et 2 millions de travaux, au cours desquels la bibliothèque est transformée en « salon-bar » offrant une collection unique de cognacs, armagnacs, portos et whiskies, il ouvre fin 1961 « Le Relais d'Artigny », qui devint la première entreprise hôtelière de la région Centre; R.T. est co-fondateur de la chaîne Relais et Châteaux. La cave détiendrait, parmi 45 000 bouteilles de vignobles francais, la plus belle collection mondiale de vins de Touraine.
Depuis lors, Artigny a accueilli nombre de personnalités telles que la Reine-mère d'Angleterre et en 1963 Hailé Sélassié Ier, dernier Négus d'Éthiopie.
Les 24 et 25 novembre 1973, sous couvert de fermeture annuelle de l'établissement, la « Conférence monétaire internationale » y réunit les ministres des Finances des Cinq plus grandes puissances mondiales (dont Valéry Giscard d'Estaing).
En avril 1976 s'y déroula une rencontre discrète entre le Président de la République et son futur successeur, François Mitterrand.
Artigny est toujours propriété du groupe hôtelier familial « Grandes Étapes Françaises », dont Pierre Traversac est le Président. Ce château-hôtel compte 65 chambres, 2 salles de restaurant, un spa.
Translation - English The Château d'Artigny was built between 1919 and 1928 in the Commune of Montbazon, in the department of Indre-et-Loire.
The first castles
Having originally been constructed around the keep of Montbazon, an advanced bastion, during the Hundred Years War, the Château d'Artigny was incorporated into the line of defences established along the river Indre. It was subsequently demolished in 1769 by its owner, Joseph Testard de Bouranis, the king's treasurer, who replaced it with his private residence. This was saved by the Revolution and modified in the 19th Century.
François Coty
It was on the 30th July, 1912 when Joseph Spoturno, also known as François Coty, bought the château. Born on 3rd May, 1874 in Ajaccio, he was a wealthy and renowned perfumer and media magnate, as well as politician. Later dubbed “The French Mussolini”, he was the councillor for Bastia and mayor of his native town in 1931.
On a journey around Touraine he was captivated by the location but, feeling the building to be badly placed on the cliff overlooking the Indre, he had the château demolished and rebuilt 12 metres further away on foundations different to the current ones. Measuring 60 metres by 18 metres and 27 tall, it was a mirror image, except for two windows fewer on each floor, of the château at Champlâtreux which was constructed by the architect Jean-Michel Chevotet between 1751 and 1757. There was also a chapel which was a copy of the one at the palace of Versailles, albeit a quarter of the size. The chapel was connected by an underground passage to a crypt made for François Coty and his descendants.
The period from 1919 to 1928 marked the partial demise of this large building. Coty, “wanting to show that modern France was capable of performing just as well as royal France”, employed 150 people – architects, master builders, sculptors, carvers, tile setters, painters, craftsmen and labourers. Denys Puech (1854-1942), the official sculptor (a receiver of the Prix de Rome) constructed an 18th century style allegory on the tympanum of the pediment of the central front section overlooking the Indre valley.
This magnificently decorated, marble covered residence included four master apartments, its own generating station, air conditioning, a tailor’s and a bootmaker’s, a barber’s, cold storage for the lady of the house’s furs, as well as a walk-in dressing room containing 78 closets, to name but a few of the luxuries.
From 1929 up until Coty’s death in 1934 at his residence at Louveciennes (acquired in 1923), he lived for half of the year at Artigny with his family. During this time, he was waited on by 40 servants, employed several guards to watch his 1,300 hectare estate, which in one fell swoop included seven kilometres of river, French gardens, orchard greenhouses, several farms, three mills, a hunting lodge, a rectory and abandoned school buildings.
The office of the “Monsieur de Montbazon” was located on the first floor and had pride of place in a circular room topped with a dome. The dome was painted with a trompe l’oeil fresco by Charles Hoffbauer, (1875-1957), a receiver of the Grand Prix de Rome 1924, and depicted a costume ball with friends and family at the château, in which it was possible to recognise Coty’s son-in-law, Paul Dubonnet as a sparrow with a glass in his hand. It was also possible to see the actresses Marie Marquet, Edwige Feuillère and Cécile Sorel, the ballet masters Serge Lifar an Serge Diaghilev, the painter Foujita, and the Maharaja of Khapurtala, the Aga Khan.
After Coty
Following the Stock Market Crash of 1929, a luxurious lifestyle, a disastrous divorce, and the expense of his political magazine L’Ami du Peuple, his fortune had been heavily eaten into. The perfumer’s art collections were therefore sold at auction in 124 lots at the Galerie Charpenrier in Paris on the 30th of November and the 1st of December 1936. After his death, the château was confiscated on the order of his numerous creditors.
In 1940, at the time when the French capital was relocating to Tours, the château had been identified as a potential shelter by a local aide-de-camp of Admiral Darlan and was subsequently occupied by the Department of the Navy. In 1941 it lay empty for a few months before being occupied by German troops until 1942, who in the meantime had painted the château brown to act as camouflage. Finally, it served as an annexe of Tours hospital, catering for the seriously wounded.
Coty’s family once again took possession of the château in 1947 and were made several offers. The projects to convert it into the head office of Indre-et-Loire’s general council or into a holiday park were not followed up so the heirs began to carve up the enormous estate.
===
After two years and two million jobs, in the course of which the library was converted into a lounge bar offering a unique collection of cognac, armagnac, port and whisky, it was opened at the end of 1961, under the name of the "Relais d'Artigny”, becoming the first hotel company in French region of Centre. The wine cellar holds around 45,000 bottles of French wine, the finest collection in the world of Touraine wines.Since opening, Artigny has welcomed a number of personalities such as the Queen Mother and in 1963 Haile Selassie I, the last king of Ethiopia.
On the 24th and 25th of November 1973, under the guise of the establishment's annual closing, the finance ministers of the G5 countries met in the château for the International Monetary Conference, with Valéry Giscard d'Estaing present for France.
In April 1976, an inconspicuous meeting took place between the French President and his future successor, François Mitterand at the château.
Artigny still belongs to the family hotel group, “Grandes Étapes Françaises”, whose president is Pierre Traversac.The château-hotel has 65 bedrooms, two dining rooms and a spa.
Polish to English: Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie Detailed field: Construction / Civil Engineering
Source text - Polish Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie – najstarsza tego typu placówka w Polsce, powstała w 1850 roku.
Historia i działalność
W pierwszej połowie XIX wieku, gdy Polska była pod zaborami, tworzyły się różne towarzystwa naukowe mające za zadanie utrzymywać przy życiu polskość. W Krakowie, należącym do zaboru austriackiego, władze zachowywały się dość liberalnie wobec Polaków i zezwoliły na utworzenie w 1816 roku Towarzystwa Naukowego Krakowskiego.
W 1848 powstał Oddział Sztuk i Archeologii, a w 1850 Komitet Archeologiczny do sprawy utworzenia w Krakowie Muzeum Starożytności (co stało się 18 lutego 1850 roku), którego członkami byli: Karol Kremer (dyrektor), Józef Muczkowski, Wincenty Pol, Teofil Żebrowski. Początkowo Muzeum miało swoją siedzibę w Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej przy ul. Św. Anny. 14 lat późnej zostało przeniesione na ulicę Sławkowską 17, a następnie (w 1967, po zakończeniu remontu gmachów poklasztornych i powięziennych św. Michała, przekazanych przez Radę Narodową m. Krakowa) do budynku przy ulicy Senackiej 3, gdzie znajduje się do dziś.
W roku 1891 Muzeum Archeologiczne zostało przyjęte jako placówka Akademii Umiejętności. W 1955 przeszło pod zarząd administracji państwowej. W momencie utworzenia Muzeum wystosowano do społeczeństwa apel z prośbą o przekazywanie znalezisk i obiektów archeologicznych, które mogłyby być eksponowane w nowej placówce. Dzięki szerokiemu odzewowi zbiory Muzeum znacznie się powiększyły m.in. o jeden z najcenniejszych eksponatów – posąg Światowida ze Zbrucza. Wkrótce Muzeum rozpoczęło także własne badania archeologiczne i w ten sposób wzbogaciło się o kolejne eksponaty.
Już w 1857 zorganizowano pierwszą wystawę, która odbyła się w Pałacu Lubomirskich przy ul. św. Jana 17. Pokazano na niej materiały z badań cmentarzysk ludności kultury łużyckiej z okolic Krakowa, wyroby brązowe, monety rzymskie itp i którą zwiedziła rekordowa liczba (jak na owe czasy) 16 tysięcy osób. W 1872 otwarto drugą Wystawę Starożytności w salach pałacu biskupiego w Krakowie. Utworzono na jej potrzeby specjalny katalog, zaś w trakcie wystawy prowadzone odczyty popularnonaukowe. W roku 1893 zbiory historyczne przekazano do Muzeum Narodowego.
W działalności archeologicznej zasłużył się Godfryd Ossowski, biorący udział w wykopaliskach na osadzie ludności kultury trypolskiej w Bilczu Złotym na Podolu oraz późniejszych w Ryżanówce na Ukrainie; a także Władysław Kluger, który ofiarował Muzeum kolekcję zabytków staroperuwiańskich, a w tym sarkofagi egipskie z badań Tadeusza Smoleńskiego w El-Gamhud z 1906 roku. Osoby, które zaznaczyły się w historii muzeum to Józef Żurowski i Tadeusz Reyman. Do najważniejszych odkryć należą znaleziska z Giebułtowa, Książnic Wielkich, Prokocimia, czy Złotej Sandomierski i niemniej interesujące odkrycia rzemiosła garncarskiego z okresu rzymskiego w Igołomi i Tropiszowie na wschód od Krakowa. W roku 1894 dyrektorem Muzeum został Włodzimierz Demetrykiewicz, który kontynuował m.in. prace wykopaliskowe w Bilczu Złotym i prowadził badania w Galicji. Nie można zapomnieć o odkryciu z 1955 roku starożytnego hutnictwa żelaza w Górach Świętokrzyskich.
Główny obszar działania Muzeum to Małopolska(w ostatnich latach prowadzona była akcja badań ratowniczych w Górce Narodowej), jednak uczestniczyło ono też w badaniach kurhanu scytyjskiego w Ryżanówce na Ukrainie (odkopano grób wodza scytyjskiego z początków III wieku p.n.e), otwarto wystawę pt. Tutanchamon ukraińskich stepów. Brało również udział w badaniach wykopaliskowych w Delcie Nilu, w miejscowości Benha w Egipcie (starożytne Tell-Atrib) i w starożytnej Marei, położonej w pobliżu Aleksandrii.
Nowohucki Oddział Muzeum Archeologicznego najpierw kierowany był przez Stanisława Boratyńskiego, potem (od 1981) przez Jacka Rydzewskiego, a od roku 1995 do dzisiaj przez Małgorzatę Kaczanowską.
Muzeum wydaje dwa pisma: "Materiały Archeologiczne" i "Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty’’.
W roku 2000 Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie obchodziło 150 rocznicę powstania.
Budynek
Na zachodnim obrzeżu średniowiecznego miasta gdzie od IX do XIII wieku przebiegały drewniano-ziemne umocnienia podgrodzia Okół, a od XIV wieku w mur obronny miasta. Pozostałości umocnień zachowały się w podziemiach Muzeum i w północno-wschodniej części ogrodu. W północno-zachodnim narożniku zabudowań i pod murem ogrodzenia od strony ul. Poselskiej widoczne są do dziś relikty baszty Legackiej (baszty Murarzy).
Na terenie Muzeum znajdowały się kolejno: dwór Gniewosza z Dalewic, siedziba rodu Tęczyńskich zwana Malowanym Dworem oraz XIV-wieczna łaźnia miejska, a od XV do końca XVIII w. kościół św. Michała z klasztorem karmelitów bosych. Po usunięciu zakonników urządzono w budynkach klasztornych więzienie, a później w miejsce kościoła urządzono salę sądową. Po roku 1874 połączono budynki więzienne z gmachem sądu i wykonano kaplicę w północno-zachodniej części zabudowań (od strony ul. Poselskiej). Od strony ul. Senackiej wzniesiono dzisiejszą bramę wjazdową i budynek dla potrzeb gospodarczych więzienia (kuchnia, pralnia, magazyn). Pomieszczenia więzienne przystosowano na pracownie, bibliotekę, magazyny i sale wystawowe.
Wystawy
Stałe ekspozycje:
• Bogowie starożytnego Egiptu część zbioru stanowią cztery sarkofagi z wykopalisk w el-Gamhud prowadzonych w latach 1907-1908 przez Tadeusza Smoleńskiego.
Zbiory zabytków egipskich pochodzą m.in. z wykopalisk w el-Gamhud przeprowadzonych przez Tadeusza Smoleńskiego. Zabytki pochodzące z Nubii i Tura pozyskała Akademia Umiejętności. Kolekcję wzbogacono także o znaleziska pochodzące z wykopalisk H. Junkera w Gizie (1913) oraz zabytki z muzeum żołnierzy Samodzielnej Brygady Strzelców Karpackich walczących podczas II wojny światowej w Egipcie.
Galeria sztuki egipskiej mieści się na pierwszym piętrze budynku muzeum. Pierwsza sala tzw. niebieska mieści cztery drewniane sarkofagi. Pośrodku stoi gablota z maskami kartonażowymi, uszebti, alabastrowym torsem męskim z okresu ptolemejskiego i głowami władców odzianych w chustę nemes. Wśród widocznych zabytków stoi posążek siedzącego mężczyzny z V dynastii o wysokości 8,5 cm. Przy ścianie, na prawo od wejścia do sali, w kolejnej gablocie spoczywają figurki siedzących ibisów, symboli boga Tota. Poniżej znajdziemy mumie zbożowe w drewnianych "sokolich" sarkofagach a także starannie zawinięte mumie kota i sokoła z okresu ptolemejsko-rzymskiego. Przy kolejnej ścianie znajdują się rozmaite figurki i naczynia a także... Do kolejnej sali prowadzi korytarz, w którym umieszczono gabloty: numizmatyczną i mieszczącą ostrakony greckie. W następnym pomieszczeniu wyeksponowano figurki Ozyrysa, fragmenty całunów, stele z II i III wieku, figurki uszebti z XXVI dynastii, biżuterię, m.in. plakietki z kartuszem Szabaki i przede wszystkim sarkofagi i mumie. Największa drewniana trumny należała do Aset-iri-khet-es i wraz z drugą, nieco mniejszą, odkryte zostały w el-Gamhud. W tej samej sali umieszczono także maski, kartonaże oraz fragmenty koptyjskich tkanin.
W gablotach zastosowano oświetlenie światłowodowe, gwarantujące bezpieczeństwo zabytków i niepodnoszące temperatury wewnątrz. Lekkie światło oraz gwiazdy stylizowane na egipskie tworzą ciekawy nastrój
przypominający egipski grobowiec.
• Garncarstwo prahistoryczne – historia garncarstwa na ziemiach polskich od czasów pojawienia się pierwszych naczyń glinianych w VI tysiącleciu p.n.e. do XII wieku n.e.
• Ogród ceramiki autorami dzieł wystawianych na wolnym powietrzu są artyści wrocławscy.
• Pradzieje i wczesne średniowiecze Małopolski – trzy częściowa wystawa (o środowisku przyrodniczym i zdobywanie pożywienia; sposoby zapewnienia bezpiecznego schronienia, zagadnienia związane z dniem codziennym dawnych Małopolan).
• Waza z Bronocic
Oprócz wystaw stałych, w Muzeum prezentowane są także wystawy czasowe.
Status prawny Muzeum
Muzeum działa w oparciu o ustawę o muzeach[1], ustawę o organizowaniu i prowadzeniu działalności kulturalnej[2], ustawę o finansach publicznych[3], ustawę o ochronie zabytków[4] oraz statut Muzeum Archeologicznego w Krakowie nadany Uchwałą nr 438/08 Zarządu Województwa Małopolskiego z dnia 29 maja 2008 roku[5]. Zgodnie ze statutem Muzeum jest samorządową instytucją kultury wyodrębnioną pod względem prawnym i ekonomiczno-finansowym, której organizatorem jest Województwo Małopolskie.
Nadzór nad Muzeum w sposób ogólny sprawuje Minister Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego, a w sposób bezpośredni bezpośredni Zarząd Województwa Małopolskiego. Przy Muzeum działa jedenastoosobowa Rada Muzeum, której członków powołuje i odwołuje Zarząd Województwa Małopolskiego[5]. Wewnętrznie zasady pracy Muzeum są określone w Regulaminie Organizacyjnym[6].
Translation - English Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie (lit. The Archeological Museum in Krakow) is the oldest institution of its kind in Poland, having been established in 1850.
History
Many academic societies were created in the first half of the 19th century, during the time of the partitions,whose task was to preserve Polish culture. The Austro-Hungarian authorities, in whose territory Krakow lay, acted with a great deal of liberalism towards the Polish and consequently allowed the formation of the Krakow Scientific Society
The Department of the Arts and Archaeology was established in 1848 followed in 1850 by the Archaeological Committee for the creation of a Museum of Antiquities in Krakow (which became a reality on the 18th of February, 1850). Its members were: Karol Kremer (director), Józef Muczkowski, Wincenty Pol and Teofil Żebrowski. The museum was initially based at the Jagiellonian Library on ulica Świety Anny but was transferred to 17 ulica Sławkowska 14 years later. Following the completion of restoration works on the former monastery and prison buildings of Saint Michael’s carried out by the National Council for Krakow, it was transferred to a location next to 3 ulica Senacka in 1967, where it remains to this day.
In 1891 the museum was accepted as an institution of Academic Ability. In 1955 it came under state administration. When the Museum was first opened, an appeal was presented to the society requesting that the finds and archaeological objects located there be displayed in a new exhibition. Thanks to the wide response, the Museum’s collections grew considerably in size, with one of its most precious exhibits being the Zbruch Idol. The museum soon began carrying out its own archaeological research, thus enlarging the number of exhibits.
The first exposition, organised in 1857, took place in the Lubomirski Palace at 17. Ulica Świętego Jana. Materials were displayed as a result of research carried out in ancient graveyards belonging to the Lusatian Culture, from areas around Krakow. This consisted of, amongst others, bronze items and Roman coins. The exhibition received a record number of visitors for the time, numbering sixteen thousand people. A second antiquities exhibtion was opened in 1872 in the halls of the bishop’s palace in Krakow. A special catalogue was created for the museum’s needs and lectures in popular science were carried out during the exhibition. The historic collections were transferred to the National Museum in 1893.
Those to be lauded for their contributions and work are Godfryd Ossowski, for his archaeological activities taking part in excavations at a Cucuteni-Trypillian culture settlement at Bilcz Złoty and later at Ryżanówka in Ukraine, as well as Władysław Kluger, who offered the museum his collection of ancient Peruvian antiquities, and Tadeusz Smoleński, who gave Egyptian sarcophaguses discovered at El-Gamhud in 1906. Individuals who have stood out in the museum’s history are Józef Żurowski and Tadeusz Reyman. Amongst the most important discoveries are the finds from Giebułtów, Książnice Wielkie, Prokocim and Złota Sandomierska. No less interesting are the discoveries of Roman-era pottery from Igołomia and Tropiszów, east of Krakow. Włodzimierz Demetrykiewicz became the museum’s director in 1894 and continued, amongst other things, the excavation work in Bilcz Złoty and carried out research in Galicia. The discovery in 1995 of an ancient ironworks in Góry Świętokrzyskie should also not be forgotten.
The museum’s main focus is Lesser Poland (in the last few years a rescue archaeology project has been carried out in Górka Narodowa), but it has also taken part in research on the Scythian Tumulus at Ryżanówka, in Ukraine (the Scythian leader’s grave had already been dug up from the beginnings of the 3rd century B.C.), leading to the exhibition entitled The Tutankhamen of the Ukrainian Steps. The museum also took part in excavations in the Nile Delta, at Banha (ancient Tell-Atrib) which is located near to Alexandria.
The Nowa Huta department of the Archaeological Museum was first led by Stanisław Boratyński, from 1981 to 1995 by Jacek Rydzewski, and presently by Małgorzata Kaczanowska.
The museum has two publications: "Materiały Archeologiczne" (Archaelogical Materials) i "Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty” (Archaelogical Materials of Nowa Huta).
The Archaelogical Museum in Krakow celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2000.
The Building
On the western edge of the medieval city, where from the 9th to the 13th centuries wooden-earth fortifications of the settlement of Okół ran and from the 14th century into the city’s defensive wall. The remains of the fortifications are preserved in the museum’s vaults as well as in the north-eastern parts of the garden. In the north-western corner of the buildings and by the wall from the direction of ulica Poselska it is still possible to see the remains of Legacka Keep.
The following were also located on the museum’s grounds: The manor of Gniewosz z Dalewic, seat of the Tęczyński family and known as Malowany Dwór (the painted manor) as well as the 14th century town bathhouse and from the 15th century to the end of the 18th century the church of St. Michael together with the monastery of the Barefoot Carmelites. Following the removal of the monks, the monastery buildings were converted into a prison, and at a later date the church was converted into a court room. After 1847 the prison structures were connected to the court building and a chapel was constructed in the north-west of the complex (towards ulica Poselska. The current entrance gates and buildings which served for the everyday running of the prison (kitchen, washroom, and storeroom) were erected next to ulica Senacka. The prison rooms were converted into a workshop, library, storerooms, and exhibition halls.
Exhibitions
Permanent exhibitions:
• Gods of Ancient Egypt: Part of the collection consists of four sarcophagi from the excavations at el-Gamhud conducted between 1907-1908 by Tadeusz Smolenski.
There are historical collections of Egyptian origin, among others from excavations at el-Gamhud conducted by Tadeusz Smolenski, monuments from Nubia and Tura which were excavated by the Academy of Sciences. The collection has also been enriched by finds from Herman Junker's excavations at Giza carried out in 1913, as well as by artifacts from the soldiers' museum of the Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade, which fought in World War II in Egypt.
The Egyptian art gallery is located on the first floor of the museum. The first room (the so called blue room) contains four wooden sarcophagi. In the middle of the room there stands a showcase of cartonnage Ushabti masks, an alabaster male torso from the Ptolemaic period and the heads leaders dressed in Nemes headcloths. Among the visible monuments is a miniature statue of a seated man from the fifth Dynasty which measures 8.5 cm. On the wall to the right of the entrance to the hall, there are figures of sitting ibises in another display case, representing symbols of the god Thoth. Downstairs there is mummified cereal in wooden falcon sarcophagi as well as a carefully wrapped mummified cat and Falcon from the Ptolomaic-Roman period. On the next wall, there are various figurines and dishes and so on. The hall leads into the next corridor which display cases contains display cases: one containing coins and the other Greek ostracons. The next room contains exhibits of Osiris figurines, shroud fragments, 2nd and 3rd century stelae Ushabti figurines from the 26th dynasty, jewellery as well as badges with shabaki cartouches and above all sarcophagi and mummies. The largest wooden coffin belonged to Aset-iri-khet-es which was discovered at el-Gamhud alongside a second, slightly smaller one. In the same room as the masks there are also, cartons, and fragments of Coptic textiles.
The display cases are illuminated by fibre-optic lighting which guarantees the safety of the artefacts by preventing temperatures from rising. A weak light and stars resembling those of Ancient Egypt form an interesting atmosphere reminiscent of an Egyptian tomb.
• Prehistoric pottery - the history of pottery in the Polish lands from the first appearance of clay vessels in the sixth millennium BC to the twelfth century AD
• Ceramics works are exhibited in the garden in the open air, created by artists from Wrocław.
• Prehistory and the Early Middle Ages of Lesser Poland - a three part exhibition (on the natural environment and foraging; ways of ensuring a safe refuge, the every day issues of Lesser Poland's for inhabitants).
The Bronocice Pot
In addition to the permanent exhibitions, the museum also houses temporary exhibitions.
The legal status of the Museum
The Museum operates on the basis of the Law on Museums Act on organizing and conducting cultural activities, the law on public finance, the law on protection of monuments as well as the statute of the Archaeological Museum in Krakow in accordance with Resolution No. 438/08 of the Board of the Voivodeship of Lesser Poland from the 28th May, 2008. In accordance with the statute, the museum is a self-governing institution of culture of separated in both a legal and economic sense, whose organiser is Voivodeship of Lesser Poland.
General supervision of the museum is carried out directly, by the Board of the Voivodeship of Lesser Poland. The Museum is home to an eleven member Museum Council, whose members are appointed and dismissed by the Board of the Voivodeship of Lesser Poland. The museum's internal employment rules are defined in its regulations.
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