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avería

English translation: convoy tax

18:41 Feb 28, 2009
Spanish to English translations [PRO]
Social Sciences - History
Spanish term or phrase: avería
...los orígenes de las sociedades anónimas en la tradición jurídica hispánica y su desarrollo a partir del siglo XV con la "avería" en el mundo Indiano.
Carolina Andrades
Chile
English translation:convoy tax
Explanation:
"The main sources of government revenue in the New World besides the mining royalties were: ... the averia, or convoy tax, equalling about two per cent on the value of the cargoes;"

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Ameri...

"Avería; Convoy tax"
http://www.somosprimos.com/spanishterms/spanishterms.htm
Selected response from:

Kathryn Litherland
United States
Local time: 08:00
Grading comment
4 KudoZ points were awarded for this answer



Summary of answers provided
5 +2convoy tax
Kathryn Litherland
3 +3taxes/impositions
Mirtha Grotewold
5average
Luis Rey Ballesteros (Luiroi)
3damage
Michael Powers (PhD)


Discussion entries: 1





  

Answers


4 mins   confidence: Answerer confidence 3/5Answerer confidence 3/5 peer agreement (net): +3
taxes/impositions


Explanation:
La avería, o derecho de avería, era un impuesto ad valorem sobre el comercio colonial de los siglos XVI y XVII en España; se imponía sobre los mercaderes o las mercancías. Asimismo, incluía a los pasajeros que pasaban a Indias.



Mirtha Grotewold
Guatemala
Local time: 06:00
Works in field
Native speaker of: Native in SpanishSpanish

Peer comments on this answer (and responses from the answerer)
agree  patricia scott
28 mins
  -> Thanks, Patricia have a nice week end
agree  patinba: Right!
2 hrs
  -> Thanks Patinba, great week end to you!
agree  Ricardo Galarza: Perfecta la explicación; los colonizadores ingleses le llamaban convoy tax.
14 hrs
  -> Muchísimas gracias, Ricardo.
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7 mins   confidence: Answerer confidence 3/5Answerer confidence 3/5
damage


Explanation:
Formally, one of the meanings of "avería" in the Oxford Dictionaory is "damage"

So, given the context, possibly what it means is:

damage to the indigenous people

Results 1 - 10 of about 14 for "damage to the indigenous people". (0.46 seconds)
Search Results

1.
Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Chittagong Hill ... - Google Books Result
by Rajkumari Chandra Kalindi Roy - 2000 - 231 pages
An alternative site was proposed further upriver which would have caused less damage to the indigenous people, but this was rejected as being too near the ...
books.google.com/books?isbn=8790730291...
2.
Brazil - Brazzil Mag - Indians Get Land in Brazil and Governor ...
... but they regret that many of them have polluted rivers and cleared forest areas, causing incalculable damage to the indigenous people. ...
www.brazzilmag.com/content/view/2164/ - 95k - Cached - Similar pages -
3.
Defending Sudan's Black Muslims
... the real danger is that the killing will be ignored until the genocide and ethnic cleansing do irreparable damage to the indigenous people of Darfur. ...
www.defenddemocracy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=v... - 35k - Cached - Similar pages -
4.
Using Community Informatics to Transform Regions - Google Books Result
by Stewart Marshall, Wallace Taylor, Xing Huo Yu ... - 2004 - Business & Economics - 302 pages
The notion that 'the pen is mightier than the sword' was reinforced by Kamira when she asserted that the greatest damage to the indigenous people of New ...
books.google.com/books?isbn=1591402786...
5.
Atkinson - May 06
... on ‘liberal fantasy’, meaning the notion that the British acquisition of Australia could have been achieved without damage to the indigenous people. ...
home.vicnet.net.au/~abr/May06/Atkinson%20review.htm - 54k - Cached - Similar pages -
6.
EDITORIAL
This situation, along with past successive colonizations of Taiwan, has brought enormous damage to the Indigenous people of the island territory. ...
www.ibiblio.org/ahkitj/wscfap/arms1974/PRAXIS/1995/1995 Q3/... - 8k - Cached - Similar pages -
7.
The Devil and James McAuley - Google Books Result
by Cassandra Pybus - 1999 - History - 321 pages
... work with Hogbin on a committee to establish compensation for war damage to the indigenous people, and Black to a Directorate mission in Borneo in 1945. ...
books.google.com/books?isbn=0702231118...
8.
United Nations Office at Geneva | News & Media | COUNCIL DISCUSSES ...
... and the consequent health damage to the indigenous people, and hoped that he would be able to add a visit there to his already crowded schedule for the ...
www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B9C2E/(httpNewsByYear_en)/A4461FC9E2... - 85k - Cached - Similar pages -
9.
the syracusan
Second, we can give this gift without fear of psychological damage to the indigenous people or resentment at our donations—when personal health is at stake, ...
syracusan.blogspot.com/ - 194k - Cached - Similar pages -
10.
Indians, Oil, and Politics: A Recent History of Ecuador - Google Books Result
by Allen Gerlach - 2003 - History - 286 pages
The lawsuit failed; there was no compensation for environmental or social damage to the indigenous people or to other Ecuadoreans. ...
books.google.com/books?isbn=0842051082...

Mike :)

Michael Powers (PhD)
United States
Local time: 08:00
Native speaker of: English
PRO pts in category: 55
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45 mins   confidence: Answerer confidence 5/5 peer agreement (net): +2
convoy tax


Explanation:
"The main sources of government revenue in the New World besides the mining royalties were: ... the averia, or convoy tax, equalling about two per cent on the value of the cargoes;"

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Ameri...

"Avería; Convoy tax"
http://www.somosprimos.com/spanishterms/spanishterms.htm

Kathryn Litherland
United States
Local time: 08:00
Specializes in field
Native speaker of: Native in EnglishEnglish
PRO pts in category: 27

Peer comments on this answer (and responses from the answerer)
agree  David Ronder: Pretty sure this is it, but a bit puzzled by the dates: your main reference, like Mirtha's, is clearly to later than early C15th.//See what you mean - a partir de could be from anywhere in the C15th, not necessarily the beginning. I buy it then.
22 mins
  -> I read "a partir del siglo XV" as "from the fifteenth century onward"--i.e., after the discovery of the new world. I'm not sure where you're reading "early" into it.
agree  Ricardo Galarza: Right on!
13 hrs
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2 hrs   confidence: Answerer confidence 5/5
average


Explanation:
Avería = average in the maritime field... So, Please see this enlightening reference

http://www.articlearchives.com/law-legal-system/admiralty-la...

Luis Rey Ballesteros (Luiroi)
Local time: 06:00
Native speaker of: Native in SpanishSpanish
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